Saturday, December 17, 2016

JN0-346 Enterprise Routing and Switching, Specialist (JNCIS-ENT)

JNCIS-ENT Exam Objectives (Exam: JN0-343 and JN0-346)

Layer 2 Switching and VLANs
Identify the concepts, operation, and functionality of Layer 2 switching for the Junos OS
Enterprise switching platforms
Bridging components
Frame processing
Identify the concepts, benefits, and functionality of VLANs
Ports
Tagging
Native VLANs and voice VLANs
Inter-VLAN routing
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor and troubleshoot Layer 2 switching and VLANs
Interfaces and ports
VLANs
Routed VLAN interfaces (RVI)

Spanning Tree
Identify the concepts, benefits, operation, and functionality of the Spanning Tree Protocol
STP and RSTP concepts
Port roles and states
BPDUs
Convergence and reconvergence
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor STP and RSTP
STP
RSTP

Layer 2 Security
Identify the concepts, benefits and operation of various protection and security features
BPDU, loop and root protection
Port security, including MAC limiting, DHCP snooping, Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) and IP source guard
Storm control
Identify the concepts, benefits and operation of Layer 2 firewall filtres
Filter types
Processing order
Match criteria and actions
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor Layer 2 security
Protection
Port security
Storm control
Firewall filter configuration and application

Protocol Independent Routing
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of various protocol-independent routing components
Static, aggregate, and generated routes
Martian addresses
Routing instances, including RIB groups
Load balancing
Filter-based forwarding
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor various protocol-independent routing components
Static, aggregate, and generated routes
Load balancing
Filter-based forwarding

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of OSPF
Link-state database
OSPF packet types
Router ID
Adjacencies and neighbors
Designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
OSPF area and router types
LSA packet types
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor and troubleshoot OSPF
Areas, interfaces and neighbors
Additional basic options
Routing policy application
Troubleshooting tools
Realms

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of IS-IS
Link-state database
IS-IS PDUs
TLVs
Adjacencies and neighbors
Levels and areas
Designated intermediate system (DIS)
Metrics
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor and troubleshoot IS-IS
Levels, interfaces and adjacencies
Additional basic options
Routing policy application
Troubleshooting tools

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of BGP
BGP basic operation
BGP message types
Attributes
Route/path selection process
IBGP and EBGP functionality and interaction
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor BGP
Groups and peers
Additional basic options
Routing policy application

Tunnels

Identify the concepts, requirements and functionality of IP tunneling
Tunneling applications and considerations
GRE
IP-IP
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor IP tunnels
GRE
IP-IP

High Availability
Identify the concepts, benefits, applications and requirements for high availability in a Junos OS environment
Link aggregation groups (LAG)
Redundant trunk groups (RTG)
Virtual Chassis
Graceful restart (GR)
Graceful Routing Engine switchover (GRES)
Nonstop active routing (NSR)
Nonstop bridging (NSB)
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
Unified In-Service Software Upgrade (ISSU)
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor high availability components
LAG and RTG
Virtual Chassis
GR, GRES, NSR, and NSB
VRRP
ISSU


QUESTION: No: 1
Which two statements about RSTP are correct? (Choose two.)

A. RSTP is not backwards compatible with STP.
B. RSTP is backwards compatible with STP.
C. RSTP permits multiple root bridges within a Layer 2 domain.
D. RSTP permits only a single root bridge within a Layer 2 domain.

Answer: Click Here to view answers


QUESTION: No: 2
Which two port security features are dependent on the DHCP snooping database? (Choose two.)

A. MAC limiting
B. dynamic ARP inspection
C. IP source guard
D. storm control

Answer: Click Here to view answers

Explanation: B: Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) prevents Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing

QUESTION: No: 3
How many bytes of overhead does an IP-IP tunnel add to a packet?

A. 24 bytes
B. 28 bytes
C. 20 bytes
D. 14 bytes

Answer: Click Here to view answers


Explanation: Difference Between GRE and IP-IP Tunnel. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) and

Friday, December 16, 2016

JN0-691 Junos Troubleshooting

Junos Troubleshooting Exam Objectives (Exam: JN0-691)

Troubleshooting Methodology
Identify the elements to build a framework for approaching troubleshooting Junos devices
General troubleshooting methodology
Broad troubleshooting steps
Identify tools that can be used to troubleshoot Junos devices
CLI
Craft interface
Logging
Traceoptions
Real-time monitoring
Core files
Port mirroring
Identify tools that can be used for device and network monitoring
SNMP
RMON
Sampling

Chassis Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Identify the concepts, tools and features used to monitor and troubleshoot chassis-related components of Junos devices
Chassis
RE and PFE components
Fans and power supplies
System
Storage and file system
Boot media and start-up sequence
System software
Backups
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to monitor and troubleshoot the chassis and core system components of Junos devices
show commands
Logging

Control Plane Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Identify the concepts, tools and features used to monitor and troubleshoot the control plane of Junos devices
System processes
User processes
ARP
RIB/FIB
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to monitor and troubleshoot the control plane of Junos devices
show commands
clear commands
monitor commands
Logging
Traceoptions

Data Plane Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Identify the concepts, tools and features used to monitor and troubleshoot the data plane of Junos devices
PFE issues
Ethernet interfaces
MTU issues
Link flapping
Forwarding table issues
PFE load balancing
Local vs. transit traffic
Firewall filters and policers
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to monitor and troubleshoot the data plane of Junos devices
request commands
show commands
monitor commands
clear commands
Loopback testing

Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocol Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Identify the concepts, tools and features used to monitor and troubleshoot Layer 3 protocols on Junos devices
Routing table information
Routing loops
OSPF neighbors
OSPF adjacencies
BGP peering and peer groups
BGP neighbor states
Identify the concepts, tools and features used to monitor and troubleshoot Layer 2 protocols on Junos devices
VLAN’s
bridging concepts
xSTP protocols
switching table
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to perform basic monitoring and troubleshooting of Layer 3 protocols on Junos devices
show commands
clear commands
Traceoptions
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to perform basic monitoring and troubleshooting of Layer 2 protocols on Junos devices
show commands
clear commands
Traceoptions

High Availability (HA) Monitoring and Troubleshooting
Identify the concepts, tools and features used to monitor and troubleshoot HA components for Junos devices
Graceful Routing Engine switchover (GRES)
Graceful restart (GR)
Nonstop active routing/bridging
Virtual router redundancy protocol (VRRP)
Link aggregation groups (LAG)
Unified in-service software upgrade (ISSU)
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to perform monitoring and troubleshooting of HA features on Junos devices
monitor commands
show commands
request commands

QUESTION 2
Click the Exhibit button.
Which command removes only the ARP entries associated with the ge-0/0/0.0 interface?

A. clear arp | match ge-0/0/0.0
B. clear arp hostname"10.200.14.130|10.210.14.139|10.210.14.190"
C. C.clear arp | except "ge-0/0/3|ge-0/0/4.104|ge-0/0/5.105"
D. clear arp interface ge-0/0/0

Answer: A


QUESTION 3
Which two statements are true about the Junos chassis daemon? (Choose two.)

A. You can parse the chassis daemon log to view the details and time lines for hardware events that have occurred.
B. Theshow log dcdcommand allows you to view chassis related events.
C. You cannot parse the chassis daemon log to view the details andtimelines for hardware events that have occurred.
D. Theshow log chassisdcommand allows you to view chassis related events.

Answer: A,D


QUESTION 4
What are three categories of core files on a Junos device? (Choose three.)

A. PFE
B. Process
C. FPC
D. Kernel
E. PIC

Answer: B,D,E


QUESTION 5
You must verify end-to-end connectivity within your network.
Which two troubleshooting tools meet this objective? (Choose two.)

A. ping
B. SNMP
C. traceroute
D. RMON

Answer: A,C

Tuesday, December 13, 2016

JN0-692 Service Provider Routing and Switching Support, Professional

JNCSP-SP Exam Objectives (Exam: JN0-692)

IGP Troubleshooting
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot OSPF, OSPFv3 and IS-IS issues on Junos devices
Routing issues
Neighbor/adjacency issues
Configuration issues

BGP Troubleshooting
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot BGP issues on Junos devices
Peering issues
Routing issues
Next hop resolution issues
Route reflectors and confederations
Configuration issues

Routing Policy Troubleshooting
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot routing policy issues on Junos devices
Forwarding table policy issues
IGP policy issues
BGP policy issues
MPLS policy issues
Configuration issues

MPLS and MPLS VPNs Troubleshooting
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot MPLS and MPLS VPN issues on Junos devices
MPLS signaling plane issues
MPLS forwarding plane issues
Layer 3 VPN signaling plane issues
Layer 3 VPN forwarding plane issues
Layer 2 VPN signaling plane issues
Layer 2 VPN forwarding plane issues
VPLS signaling plane issues
VPLS forwarding plane issues
EVPNs
Configuration issues

Multicast Troubleshooting
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot multicast issues on Junos devices
RP issues
SPT issues
PIM issues
NG M-VPNs
Configuration issues

Class of Service (CoS) Troubleshooting
Given a scenario, demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot CoS issues
Classification and rewrite issues
Policer issues
Queuing/scheduling issues
Packet drop issues
Configuration issues


QUESTION 1
Which two statements are true about the OSPF 2-Way state? (Choose two.)

A. It is the normal state for neighbors that are the DR and BDR.
B. It is the normal state for two neighbors that are neither the DR nor BDR.
C. It indicates that a device cannot accept any more full adjacencies.
D. It indicates that communication between two neighbors is bidirectional.

Answer: B,D

Explanation:


QUESTION 2
What is the primary mechanism that prevents BGP routing loops?

A. SPF tree
B. routing policy
C. the underlying IGP's loop prevention mechanism
D. AS path

Answer: D

Explanation:


QUESTION 3
What are two types of valid BGP messages? (Choose two.)

A. Open
B. Notification
C. Hello
D. Request

Answer: A,B

Explanation:


QUESTION 4
Your network is configured with a full mesh of MPLS LSPs between all devices. However, when
you enter the show route table inet.2 command on any device, no LSP routing information is
displayed.
Which statement explains why this is occurring?

A. The inet.2 table does not contain LSP routing information.
B. IGP routes have a better route preference, causing the LSPs to be hidden.
C. Advanced super-user permissions are required to access the inet.2 table.
D. A filter is applied that is preventing the LSPs from being installed in the inet.2 table.

Answer: A

Explanation:


QUESTION 5
You are experiencing packet drops in your network.
Which two CoS components would be responsible? (Choose two.)

A. policing
B. RED
C. classification
D. rewriting

Answer: A,B

Explanation:

Sunday, December 11, 2016

JN0-1300 Juniper Networks Certified Design Specialist, Data Center (JNCDS-DC)

JNCDS-DC Exam Objectives (Exam: JN0-1300)

Data Center Considerations
Describe the concepts of Data Center Design
Physical considerations including placement, cabling, power, heating and cooling
Access switch placement
Traditional multi-tiered design
Data Center monitoring
Data Center Support and Serviceability

Ethernet Fabric Architectures
Describe the design consideration of Data Center Ethernet Fabric Architectures
Virtual Chassis
Virtual Chassis Fabric
Qfabric
Fusion

IP Fabric Architecture
Describe the design considerations of a Data Center IP Fabric
Clos Layer 3 overlay networking
Clos Layer 3 control plane options
Clos Layer 3 BGP design

Data Center Interconnect
Describe the design considerations for interconnecting Data Centers
CCC
Layer 3 VPNs
Pseudowire connections
VPLS
EVPN
VXLAN

Data Center Security
Describe the design consideration for securing the Data Center
Micro-perimeterization
Micro-segmentation
Virtual routers
Firewalls
Security automation
Device sprawl
Data classification
Risk management

Virtualization in the Data Center
Describe the design considerations for virtualization in the Data Center
NFV
ETSI standards
Virtualization security
SDN

Traffic Engineering in the Data Center
Describe the design considerations for traffic shaping in the Data Center
QoS
CoS
DCBX

High Availability in the Data Center
Describe the design considerations for high availability in the data center
Business continuity
Device-level high availability features
Intra-DC high availability
Inter-DC high availability

QUESTION 1
What are two valid types of software-defined networking architectures? (Choose two.)

A. hardware-based
B. controller-based
C. policy-based
D. actuation-based

Answer: B,C

Explanation:


QUESTION 2
Your customer wants to implement better quality of service for multiple mission critical
applications.
How many bits of the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) field of a packet would be used as codepoints
to achieve this goal?

A. eight
B. two
C. six
D. ten

Answer: C

Explanation:


QUESTION 3
The Junos Fusion architecture is comprised of which two components? (Choose two.)

A. interconnect devices
B. satellite devices
C. node devices
D. aggregation devices

Answer: B,D

Explanation:
The Junos Fusion architecture consists of two major components: “Aggregation” devices and
“Satellite” devices, which Juniper also calls Linux Forwarding Engines (LFEs). These components
work together as a single switching system,flattening the network to a single tier without
compromising resiliency.
Reference: https://www.juniper.net/assets/us/en/local/pdf/whitepapers/2000610-en.pdf


QUESTION 4
Which control plane protocol does EVPN use for MAC address mobility?

A. VPLS
B. STP
C. MP-BGP
D. E-LAN

Answer: A

Explanation:

Tuesday, December 6, 2016

JN0-370 QFabric, Specialist (JNCIS-QF)

JNCIS-QF Exam Objectives (Exam: JN0-370)

QFabric System Concepts
Identify concepts, general functionality and architecture of QFabric systems
Components and architecture
Control/data plane connections
Software architecture and components
System functions
QFabric protocols
Describe site planning considerations and requirements
Pre-installation considerations

System Setup, Configuration and Troubleshooting
Configure and verify the basic elements of QFabric systems
System setup
Initial configuration (e.g., node groups)
Interfaces and LAGs
Demonstrate knowledge of how to monitor and troubleshoot system operations
Data/control plane discovery
Discovery protocol
Interface/port
System functions
System processes and services
Data/control plane connections
Troubleshooting tools - logs, traceoptions, Fabric Analyzer, Fabric Ping and Traceroute, Analyzer, 'beacon'
Core dumps
System-specific IP address and subnet assignments

Layer 2 Operations and Troubleshooting
Describe Layer 2 concepts, features and operations for QFabric systems
VLAN tagging, LAGs, STP
Connection types
Route exchange
Traffic flow and packet forwarding
Configure and monitor Layer 2 functionality for a QFabric system
Interfaces and VLANs
RSTP
Demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot QFabric system Layer 2 operations
L2 protocol issues
Traffic flow issues

Layer 3 Operations and Troubleshooting
Describe Layer 3 concepts, features and operations for QFabric systems
L3 interfaces and LAGs
Routing (static, OSPF, BGP)
Route and address resolution
Traffic flow and packet forwarding
Configure and monitor Layer 3 functionality for a QFabric system
Interfaces and RVIs
Static routes, routing protocols
Demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot QFabric system Layer 3 operations
L3 protocol issues
Traffic flow issues

Data Center Storage Fundamentals
Identify various data center storage technologies
Storage options
Deployment options and considerations
Storage device types
Storage access protocols
Describe Fibre Channel (FC) and Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) features
Concepts and components
Describe Data Center Bridging concepts and functionality
Priority-based flow control (PFC)
Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS)
Quantized Congestion Notification (QCN)
Configure and monitor FCoE for a QFabric system
Interfaces and VLANs
FCoE interfaces and fabrics
Protocols
Demonstrate knowledge of how to troubleshoot FCoE in a QFabric system environment
Device login issues
Class of service issues
Traffic flow issues
Performance issues
Protocol issues

QUESTION 1
Which three statements are correct about the QFabric system control plane? (Choose three.)

A. It discovers and manages paths.
B. It manages FCoE-to-FC conversions.
C. It manages Layer 2 and Layer 3 load balancing between nodes and interconnects.
D. It discovers and provisions the system.
E. It manages routing and switching protocols.

Answer: A,D,E

Explanation:


QUESTION 2
The QFabric system data plane performs which three functions? (Choose three.)

A. It provides connectivity for network devices.
B. It manages routing and switching protocols.
C. It interconnects Node devices with the fabric.
D. It exchanges reachability information.
E. It forwards traffic through devices of the system.

Answer: A,C,E

Explanation:


QUESTION 3
You are determining the DC power requirements for a QFX3000-M QFabric system.
Which two devices support DC power? (Choose two.)

A. a QFX3100 Director device
B. a QFX3600-I Interconnect device
C. a QFX3500 Node device
D. a QFX3800-I Interconnect device

Answer: B,C

Explanation:


QUESTION 4
You configured a BGP peering session between your QFabric system and an attached device, but
the session is not coming up.
What are two reasons for this happening? (Choose two.)

A. The inet protocol family is not configured on the QFabric system.
B. There is a mismatching MED attribute configured.
C. There are no RVIs configured on the QFabric system.
D. The QFabric system is configured with two network Node groups.

Answer: A,C

Explanation:


QUESTION 5
You have recently connected an aggregated interface between a server Node group and a blade
chassis switch and the interface is down.
Which three reasons would explain the interface being down? (Choose three.)

A. The interface is using an unsupported or malfunctioning transceiver.
B. Both sides of the connection have set LACP active.
C. Both sides of the connection have set LACP passive.
D. Aggregated interfaces are only supported on the network Node group.
E. Spanning tree BPDUs have been received on the aggregated interface.

Answer: A,C,E

Explanation:

Friday, December 2, 2016

JN0-360 Juniper Networks Certified Internet Specialist (JNCIS-SP)

JNCIS-SP Exam Objectives (Exam: JN0-360)

Protocol-Independent Routing
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of various protocol-independent routing components
Static, aggregate, and generated routes
Martian addresses
Routing instances, including RIB groups
Load balancing
Filter-based forwarding
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor various protocol-independent routing components
Static, aggregate, and generated routes
Load balancing
Filter-based forwarding

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of OSPF
Link-state database
OSPF packet types
Router ID
Adjacencies and neighbors
Designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR)
OSPF area and router types
LSA packet types
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor and troubleshoot OSPF
Areas, interfaces and neighbors
Additional basic options
Routing policy application
Troubleshooting tools

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of IS-IS
Link-state database
IS-IS PDUs
TLVs
Levels and areas
Designated intermediate system (DIS)
Metrics
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor and troubleshoot OSPF
Areas, interfaces and neighbors
Additional basic options
Routing policy application
Troubleshooting tools

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of BGP
BGP basic operation
BGP message types
Attributes
Route/path selection process
IBGP and EBGP functionality and interaction
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor BGP
Groups and peers
Additional basic options
Routing policy application

Layer 2 Bridging and VLANs
Identify the concepts, operation, and functionality of Layer 2 bridging for the Junos OS
Service Provider switching platforms
Bridging elements and terminology
Frame processing
Virtual Switches
Provider bridging (e.g., Q-in-Q tunneling)
Identify the concepts, benefits, and functionality of VLANs
Port modes
Tagging
MVRP
IRB
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor and troubleshoot Layer 2 bridging and VLANs
Interfaces and ports
VLANs
MVRP
IRB
Provider bridging

Spanning-Tree Protocols
Identify the concepts, benefits, operation, and functionality of Spanning Tree Protocol and its variants
STP, RSTP, MSTP and VSTP concepts
Port roles and states
BPDUs
Convergence and reconvergence
Spanning-tree security
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure, monitor and troubleshoot STP and its variants
Spanning-tree protocols - STP, RSTP, MSTP, VSTP
BPDU, loop and root protection

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and MPLS VPNs
Identify the concepts, operation, and functionality of MPLS
MPLS terminology
MPLS packet header
End-to-end packet flow and forwarding
Labels and the label information base (LIB)
MPLS and routing tables
RSVP
LDP
Identify the concepts, benefits, operation, and functionality of MPLS VPNs
VPN routing tables
Layer 3 VPN terminology and components
BGP Layer 2 VPN terminology and components
LDP Layer 2 circuit terminology and components
Virtual private LAN service (VPLS) terminology and components
MPLS VPN control plane traffic flow
MPLS VPN data plane traffic flow
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor MPLS
MPLS forwarding
RSVP-signaled and LDP-signaled LSPs

IPv6
Identify the concepts, operation and functionality of IPv6
IPv4 vs. IPv6
Address types, notation and format
Address scopes
Autoconfiguration
Tunneling
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor IPv6
Interfaces
Static routes
Dynamic routing - OSPFv3, IS-IS, BGP
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling

Tunnels
Identify the concepts, requirements and functionality of IP tunneling
Tunneling applications and considerations
GRE
IP-IP
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor IP tunnels
GRE configuration
IP-IP configuration

High Availability
Identify the concepts, benefits, applications and requirements of high availability
Link aggregation groups (LAG) and multichassis LAGs (MC-LAGs)
Graceful restart (GR)
Graceful Routing Engine switchover (GRES)
Nonstop active routing (NSR)
Nonstsop bridging (NSB)
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
Unified In-Service Software Upgrade (ISSU)
Ethernet Ring Protection (ERP)
Demonstrate knowledge of how to configure and monitor high availability component
LAG, MC-LAG
Additional basic options
GR, GRES, NSR and NSB
VRRP
ISSU


QUESTION 1
Which two statements are true about MPLS VPNs? (Choose two.)

A. With Layer 3 VPNs, the provider’s routers participate in the customer’s Layer 3 routing.
B. MPLS VPNs are designed to run over private networks rather than the public Internet.
C. With Layer 2 VPNs, the provider does not participate in the routing of the customer’s private IP traffic.
D. MPLS VPN tunnels are always encrypted.

Answer: A,C

Explanation:


QUESTION 2
Which label operation is performed by an MPLS transit router?

A. inject
B. pop
C. push
D. swap

Answer: D

Explanation: http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/software/junos-security/junos-security96/junossecurity-
swconfig-interfaces-and-routing/mpls-ov.html


QUESTION 3
Which Junos platform supports provider bridging?

A. T Series devices
B. SRX Series devices
C. MX Series devices
D. MAG Series devices

Answer: B

Explanation: http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/en_US/junos10.0/information-products/pathway-
pages/mx-series/ethernet-switching-mx-series.html


QUESTION 4
In which environment would you run BGP?

A. a company spread across multiple floors of a building
B. a company with a single office
C. a home network
D. the public Internet

Answer: D

Explanation:


QUESTION 5
For a network running single-area OSPF, how would you decrease the size of the link-state
database (LSDB)?

A. Implement RIP as an overlay protocol on all devices.
B. Add more devices to the OSPF network to help with LSDB processing.
C. Reduce the frequency of hello timers throughout the network.
D. Implement OSPF areas.

Answer: D

Explanation: